What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

The hypoglossal nerve, which is cranial nerve XII, primarily innervates the muscles of the tongue. Its main function is to control the movement and coordination of the tongue during activities such as speaking, swallowing, and manipulating food. This is crucial for effective oral communication and proper swallowing mechanics. The specific motor functions of the tongue allow for articulation and the mechanical processing of food, making the hypoglossal nerve vital for both speech and digestion.

The other functions listed involve different nerves and systems. Salivary gland function is controlled by autonomic nerves, swallowing is primarily managed by several cranial nerves including the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and taste perception is mediated by the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. Each of these other functions highlights the specialized roles of different nerves in oral and pharyngeal physiology.