Which materials are commonly used as modern lining agents?

Glass ionomer cement and dentinal bonding agents are commonly used as modern lining agents due to their specific properties that align with contemporary dental practices.

Glass ionomer cement is particularly valuable because it not only serves as a lining material but also chemically bonds to both tooth structure and any restorative materials applied over it. This bond enhances the overall integrity of the restoration, helps in the release of fluoride, and provides additional protection to the pulp and underlying dentin. Its ability to absorb moisture and adhere to wet surfaces makes it especially appropriate for various clinical situations.

Dentinal bonding agents, on the other hand, are utilized to enhance the adhesion of composite materials to the tooth structure. They work by creating a hybrid layer that allows for a solid interface, minimizing micro-leakage and improving the longevity of restorations. The use of these agents is integral to modern operative dentistry as they help to preserve tooth structure while providing excellent sealing properties.

In contrast, the other options either include materials that are not typically used as lining agents or do not have the same modern significance in dental procedures. For example, calcium hydroxide, while used in some contexts for its pulp-capping properties, is not as versatile as glass ionomer cement and bonding agents for lining applications. Similarly,